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ECONOMICS

(214)

Time: 3 Hours]                                                                                                                                          [ Maximum Marks: 100

 

Note:

(i) This question paper consists of 54 questions in all.

(ii) All questions are compulsory.

(iii) Marks are given against each question.

(iv) Section – A consists of :

(a) Q.No. 1 to 20 – Multiple Choice type questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each. Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given in each of these questions. An internal choice has been provided in some of these questions. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.

(b) Q.No. 21 to 35 – Objective type questions carrying 2 marks each (with 2 sub-parts of 1 mark each). Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions 21 to 35.

(v) Section – B consists of :

(a) Q.No. 36 to 46 – Very Short Answer type questions carrying 2 marks each to be answered in the range of 30 to 50 words.

(b) Q.No. 47 to 52 – Short Answer type questions carrying 3 marks each to be answered in the range of 50 to 80 words.

(c) Q.No. 53 and 54 – Long Answer type questions carrying 5 marks each to be answered in the range of 80 to 120 words.

 

(1) Answers of all questions are to be given in the Answer-Book given to you. (2) 15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 2:15 p.m. From 2:15 p.m. to 2:30 p.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the Answer-Book during this period.

SECTION – A

1. Which one of the following statements is correct ? 1

(A) Human wants are unlimited.

(B) Human wants are insatiable.

(C) Human wants are unlimited and insatiable.

(D) None of the above.

Ans. (C) Human wants are unlimited and insatiable.

OR

Food items are produced in :

(A) Rural areas                                                            (B) Urban areas

(C) Rural and urban areas                                        (D) None of these

Ans. (C) Rural and urban areas.

2. (i) For their productive services the factors are paid: 1

(A) rent and wages

(B) rent, wages and interest

(C) rent, wages, interest and profit

(D) rent and profit

Ans. (C) rent, wages, interest, and profit.

OR

(ii) Goods and services are produced to satisfy :

(A) Social wants

(B) Human wants

(C) Human and social wants

(D) None of these

Ans. (C) Human and social wants.

3. (i) Production is defined as transformation of inputs into : 1

(A) Development                                                         (B) Output

(C) Inputs                                                                       (D) None of the above

Ans. (B) Output

OR

(ii) When we are hungry we take :

(A) water                                                                       (B) rest

(C) food                                                                           (D) all the above

Ans. (C) food

4. (i) Before purchasing any good the first step is to: 1

(A) make a choice                                                       (B) arrange money

(C) go to the shop                                                        (D) all the above

Ans. (A) make a choice

OR

(ii) Non-food items are produced in :

(A) Towns and cities                                                  (B) Farms

(C) Factories                                                                 (D) None of these

Ans. (C) Factories

5. (i) In barter system there was no involvement of : 1

(A) men                                                                          (B) machines

(C) measurement                                                        (D) money

Ans. (D) money

OR

(ii) As more goods are produced more-resources are :

(A) Developed                                                              (B) Used up

(C) Distributed                                                             (D) None of these

Ans. (B) Used up

6. (i) We consume various kinds of : 1

(A) Goods and services both                                   (B) Only Goods

(C) Only services                                                         (D) None of the above

Ans. (A) Goods and services both

Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10 – https:/product-category/nios-exam

OR

(ii) Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) Services are tangible

(B) Services can be stored

(C) Services cannot be stored

(D) None of the above

Ans. (C) Services cannot be stored

7. (i) The production of various goods and services requires : 1

(A) Man made resources

(B) Natural resources

(C) Both man made and natural resources

(D) All the above

Ans. (C) Both man made and natural resources

OR

(ii) Increase in demand for goods and services increases the demand for :

(A) resources                                                 (B) labour

(C) capital                                                       (D) all the above

Ans. (D) all the above

8. (i) In our daily life we come across a variety of : 1

(A) Goods                                                        (B) Services

(C) Goods and services                               (D) None of these

Ans. (C) Goods and services

OR

(ii) The larger is the surplus, the larger is the productive capacity of the :

(A) People                                                      (B) Economy

(C) Investor                                                    (D) None of these

Ans. (B) Economy

9. (i) The quantity of the good purchased at a given price at given time is called : 1

(A) supply                                                       (B) demand

(C) production                                              (D) none of these

Ans. (B) demand

OR

(ii) Demand for a commodity can be represented by :

(A) demand schedule

(B) demand curve

(C) demand schedule and demand curve

(D) supply schedule

Ans. (C) demand schedule and demand curve

10. (i) Which one of the following statements is correct ? 1

(A) Demand and desire are two different terms

(B) Demand and desire are same terms

(C) Demand determines price

(D) None of these

Ans. (A) Demand and desire are two different terms

OR

(ii) By related goods is meant :

(A) Necessary goods                                                  (B) Substitute goods

(C) Complementary goods                                       (D) Substitute and Complementary goods

Ans. (D) Substitute and Complementary goods

11. The quantity of a commodity that a seller offers for sale at a given price at a given time is called: 1

(A) demand                      (B) production                               (C) profit                           (D) supply

Ans. (D) supply

12. Information in nature is: 1

(A) qualitative

(B) quantitative

(C) both qualitative and quantitative

(D) none of these

Ans. (C) both qualitative and quantitative

13. We consume these types of goods: 1

(A) Food items

(B) Non-food items

(C) Food items and Non-food items

(D) None of these

Ans. (C) Food items and Non-food items

14. Destruction of nature adversely affecting: 1

               (A) Human life                 (B) Social life                   (C) Political life                              (D) all the above

Ans. (D) all the above

15. Pollution is caused by: 1

(A) smoke                         (B) dust                            (C) gas                                               (D) all the above

Ans. (D) all the above

16. Water pollution affects: 1

(A) colour of water                                                     (B) taste of water

(C) chemistry of water                                              (D) source of water

Ans. (C) chemistry of water

17. Production is defined as creation of: 1

(A) Only goods                                                             (B) Only services

(C) Goods and services both                                    (D) Utility

Ans. (C) Goods and services both

18. Supply of a commodity by a firm is called: 1

(A) Market supply                                                       (B) Production

(C) Individual supply                                                 (D) None of the above

Ans. (C) Individual supply

19. Barter system is a sign of: 1

(A) modern civilization                                             (B) ancient civilization

(C) historical development                                      (D) monetary development

Ans. (B) ancient civilization

20. A consumer is the buyer of: 1

(A) Goods and services both                                   (B) Only goods

(C) Only services                                                         (D) None of the above

Ans. (A) Goods and services both

21. State whether these statements are true/false:     1+1=2

(i) To satisfy our wants we buy goods and services from the market.

(ii) Now-a-days the market is not flooded with many type of goods.

Ans. (i) True – To satisfy our wants, we buy goods and services from the market.
(ii) False – Now-a-days, the market is flooded with many types of goods due to increased production, variety, and competition.

22. Fill in the blanks: 2

(i) Agricultural crops cultivate __________ and __________ items.

Ans. Agricultural crops cultivate food and cash items.

OR

(ii) International trade is ___________ and __________ of goods and services.

Ans. International trade is import and export of goods and services.

23. Fill in the blanks: 2

(i) Production activities involve making of __________ and __________.

Ans. Production activities involve making of goods and services.

OR

(ii) The payments received by labour and capital for their productive-services are called___________ and __________ respectively.

 

Ans. The payments received by labour and capital for their productive services are called wages and interest respectively.

 

24. (i) The resources used in production are called __________ and the goods and services produced are called __________. 2

 

Ans. The resources used in production are called factors of production and the goods and services produced are called output.

OR

(ii) The two technologies of production are called __________ technology and __________technology.

 

Ans. The two technologies of production are called capital-intensive technology and labour-intensive technology.

25. (i) State whether following statements are true/false: 2

(A) Demand curve slopes downwards from left to right.

(B) Supply curve slopes upwards as per law of supply.

Ans. (A) True – The demand curve generally slopes downwards from left to right, indicating that as the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases.

(B) True – The supply curve slopes upwards as per the law of supply, meaning that as the price increases, the quantity supplied also increases.

OR

(ii) Fill in the blanks :

All the factors which influence __________ supply of a commodity also influence its__________ supply.

 

Ans. All the factors which influence individual supply of a commodity also influence its market supply.

 

26. (i) The currency of U.S.A. is called __________ and the European currency is called__________. 2

 

Ans. The currency of U.S.A. is called Dollar and the European currency is called Euro.

Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10 – https:/product-category/nios-exam

OR

(ii) A bank is an institution which accepts money from public as __________ and gives__________ to them.

Ans. A bank is an institution which accepts money from the public as deposits and gives loans to them.

 

27. (i) In the study of Economics __________ information’s are mostly used for __________. 2

 

Ans. In the study of Economics, quantitative information is mostly used for analysis.

OR

(ii) When we use the data which have already been __________ by others, the data are called __________ data.

Ans. When we use the data which have already been collected by others, the data are called secondary data.

 

28. (i) In terms of wages and salaries, __________ sector pays more than that of __________sector. 2

 

Ans. In terms of wages and salaries, organised sector pays more than that of unorganised sector.

OR

(ii) As a result of economic relationship with many countries India __________ many commodities to foreign countries and __________ many commodities from foreign countries.

 

Ans. As a result of economic relationship with many countries, India exports many commodities to foreign countries and imports many commodities from foreign countries.

 

29. The environment includes all the __________ and __________ factors that influence each other in nature. 2

Ans. The environment includes all the biological and physical factors that influence each other in nature.

30. There is a direct relationship between the amount of __________ and the amount of__________ produced. 2

 

Ans. There is a direct relationship between the amount of resources and the amount of output produced.

 

31. State whether these statements are true/false: 2

(i) Demand for a commodity by a single buyer is called individual demand.

(ii) A and B purchased 2 kg and 3 kg mangoes respectively. Market demand will be 6 kg.

Ans. (i) True – Demand for a commodity by a single buyer is called individual demand.

(ii) True – If A and B purchased 2 kg and 3 kg of mangoes respectively, the market demand will be 5 kg (not 6 kg) if considering the total quantity demanded in the market.

32. The symbol of Rupee is __________ and one rupee notes are issued by __________. 2

 

Ans. The symbol of Rupee is ₹ and one rupee notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India.

 

33. Need for money arose due to __________ of __________. 2

 

Ans. Need for money arose due to limitations of barter system.

 

34. 100% accuracy in statistics is neither __________ nor __________. 2

Ans. 100% accuracy in statistics is neither possible nor desirable.

35. In our economy agriculture is included in __________ sector and manufacturing is included in __________ sector.

 

Ans. In our economy, agriculture is included in the primary sector, and manufacturing is included in the secondary sector.

SECTION – B

36. (i) What does production function tell us ? 2

Ans. The production function explains the relationship between inputs (like labor, capital, and raw materials) and the output produced. It shows how efficiently resources are transformed into goods or services and helps analyze the maximum output achievable with given inputs under specific technology.

 OR

(ii) What are the factors of production ?

Ans. The factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services. They include:

1. Land: Natural resources like soil, water, minerals, etc.
2. Labor: Human effort and skill.
3. Capital: Tools, machinery, buildings, and technology.
4. Entrepreneurship: The ability to organize and combine the other factors to produce goods and take risks.

 

37. (i) Differentiate between demand and desire. 2

 

Ans. The key differences between demand and desire are:

1. Definition:
   • Desire: A mere wish to own a product or service.
   • Demand: Desire backed by the ability and willingness to pay.
2. Economic Relevance:
   • Desire: Does not influence the market directly.
   • Demand: Has a direct impact on the market and pricing.
3. Key Element:
   • Desire: Lacks purchasing power.
   • Demand: Includes purchasing power and intent to buy.

OR

(ii) How does climatic condition affect demand ?

 Ans. Climatic conditions influence demand by altering consumer preferences and needs based on the weather:

1. Seasonal Products:
   • In hot climates, demand for cold drinks, ice cream, and summer clothing increases.
   • In colder climates, demand for woolens, heaters, and hot beverages rises.
2. Agricultural Impact:
   • Poor rainfall or extreme weather can reduce agricultural output, affecting the demand for agricultural goods and related products.
3. Tourism and Lifestyle:
   • Favorable weather boosts demand in tourism, while harsh conditions may suppress it.

Thus, climate shapes consumer behavior and impacts market trends.

38. (i) Differentiate between Bank and Banking. 2

Ans. The key differences between Bank and Banking are:

1. Definition:
   • Bank: A financial institution that accepts deposits, offers loans, and provides other financial services.
   • Banking: The process or activities carried out by banks, including deposit-taking, lending, and financial transactions.
2. Nature:
   • Bank: Refers to the organization or entity.
   • Banking: Refers to the functions or operations performed by the bank.
3. Scope:
   • Bank: A tangible institution.
   • Banking: Intangible services and practices undertaken by the bank.

OR

(ii) How does the Bank keep valuables of people in safe custody ?

Ans. Banks keep valuables of people in safe custody through locker facilities:

1. Lockers: Banks provide lockers of different sizes in their vaults for storing valuables like jewelry, documents, and other precious items.
2. Security Measures: The lockers are housed in highly secure areas with advanced security systems, CCTV surveillance, and restricted access.
3. Keys: The bank and the customer have separate keys, ensuring dual control for accessing the locker.
4. Nominal Fees: Customers pay an annual fee to avail of the facility.
5. Liability: Banks ensure security but may not insure the contents unless separately arranged by the customer.

 

39. (i) How do people in rural areas earn their livelihood? 2

Ans. People in rural areas earn their livelihood primarily through:

1. Agriculture: Farming, animal husbandry, and horticulture are the main sources of income.
2. Fishing: In coastal or water-rich regions, fishing is common.
3. Cottage Industries: Handicrafts, weaving, pottery, and small-scale production.
4. Labor Work: Daily wage labor in fields, construction, or nearby industries.
5. Self-employment: Running small shops, carpentry, or tailoring.
6. Government Schemes: Employment through programs like MGNREGA.
7. Natural Resource Utilization: Collecting forest products like honey, firewood, or medicinal plants.

OR

(ii) What do forest products include ?

Ans. Forest products include resources obtained from forests, categorized as follows:

1. Timber Products: Wood used for furniture, construction, and fuel.
2. Non-Timber Products:
   • Food Items: Fruits, nuts, honey, mushrooms.
   • Medicinal Products: Herbs, plants, resins.
   • Fibers: Bamboo, grass, and reeds for making baskets or mats.
   • Latex and Resin: Rubber, gum, and turpentine.
3. Other Products: Dyes, oils, and aromatic plants like sandalwood.

These products support livelihoods, industries, and biodiversity conservation.

40. (i) What are private Goods ? Give examples. 2

Ans. Private goods are products or services that are both excludable and rivalrous, meaning consumption by one person reduces availability for others, and people can be prevented from using them if they don’t pay.

Characteristics:

1. Excludability: The provider can prevent others from using the good without payment.
2. Rivalry: One person’s use of the good reduces its availability for others.

Examples:

1. Food: A meal purchased at a restaurant.
2. Clothing: A shirt bought from a store.
3. Electronics: A smartphone or television.
4. Cars: A privately owned vehicle.

These goods are typically bought and sold in markets, with individuals paying for exclusive use.

OR

       (ii) Explain producer goods.

Ans. Producer goods (also known as capital goods or intermediate goods) are goods used in the production of other goods and services. They are not directly consumed by individuals but serve as inputs in the production process.

Characteristics:

1. Used in Production: They are used to produce final goods or services.
2. Investment Goods: Often involve investments that lead to further production.
3. Durability: Producer goods tend to be durable and used over an extended period.

Examples:

1. Machinery: Machines used in factories to produce products.
2. Tools: Hammers, drills, and other tools used in construction or manufacturing.
3. Raw Materials: Steel, wood, and other materials used to make consumer goods.
4. Buildings: Factories, warehouses, or offices used to carry out production activities.

These goods are essential for the creation of consumer goods and the overall economic production process.

41. What are factor payments ? 2

Ans. Factor payments are the payments made to the owners of the factors of production (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship) in exchange for their contribution to the production process. These payments serve as compensation for the use of these resources in producing goods and services.

Types of factor payments:

1. Wages: Payments made to labor for their work.
2. Rent: Payments made to the owner of land or property for its use.
3. Interest: Payments made to the owner of capital (such as money or machinery) for its use in production.
4. Profit: Payments made to the entrepreneur for organizing and taking risks in the production process.

These payments flow from businesses to the factors of production, ensuring the continuous supply of resources for production.

42. What is meant by data? 2

Ans. Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts, figures, or information that can be collected, analyzed, and used for various purposes. It can take various forms such as numbers, text, images, or observations, and by itself, it may not provide meaningful insights until it is processed or analyzed.

Examples of data:

1. Numerical Data: Sales figures, temperatures, or test scores.
2. Textual Data: Customer feedback or survey responses.
3. Visual Data: Photos, maps, or videos.
4. Categorical Data: Types of products, names, or countries.

When analyzed, data can be transformed into information that provides value and insights.

43. What are the characteristics of a small scale industry? 2

Ans. The characteristics of a small-scale industry include:

1. Limited Investment: Small-scale industries typically have lower capital investment compared to large industries.
2. Labor Intensive: They rely more on human labor than on machinery.
3. Small Market Size: These industries generally cater to local or regional markets.
4. Flexible Production: They can quickly adapt to changes in demand or product design.
5. Low Level of Technology: They may use simpler technology or machinery for production.
6. Ownership and Management: Often owned and managed by individuals or small groups.
7. Limited Production Capacity: The scale of operations is smaller, with lower output than large industries.
8. Personalized Service: These industries can offer more customized products or services.

Small-scale industries are important for employment generation and contributing to local economies.

44. What is meant by water pollution ? 2

Ans. Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful substances, making the water unsafe for drinking, aquatic life, and other uses. This pollution can result from various human activities, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, sewage, and improper waste disposal.

Types of water pollution:

1. Chemical Pollution: Contamination from pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial chemicals.
2. Biological Pollution: Presence of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
3. Physical Pollution: Pollution caused by waste materials like plastics, debris, or sediments.
4. Nutrient Pollution: Excessive nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers, leading to algal blooms.

Water pollution harms ecosystems, endangers wildlife, and poses serious health risks to humans.

45. In what ways is production disposed of ? 2

Ans. Production can be disposed of or managed in several ways, depending on the type of product and its use:

1. Consumption: The most common disposal method, where goods are consumed directly by individuals, businesses, or governments. For example, food products, clothing, and electronics are bought and used by consumers.
2. Selling: Products are sold in markets, either locally or internationally, where they are purchased by consumers or businesses for further use.
3. Recycling: Some products, especially those made of materials like paper, plastic, and metal, can be recycled and repurposed into new products, reducing waste and conserving resources.
4. Waste: Products that are no longer useful or have reached the end of their life cycle are discarded as waste. Some may be sent to landfills, while others may undergo incineration or composting.
5. Export: Some products are exported to other regions or countries, where they are sold to new markets or used in other production processes.
6. Storage: In some cases, unsold goods may be stored for future use or sale, especially seasonal or perishable items.

The disposal of production depends on demand, usability, and environmental considerations.

46. What is meant by demand curve ? 2

Ans. A demand curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity demanded by consumers, typically showing that as the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases, and vice versa.

Key characteristics:

1. Downward Sloping: The demand curve typically slopes downwards from left to right, indicating an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded (law of demand).
2. Axes: The vertical axis represents price, and the horizontal axis represents the quantity demanded.
3. Shifts: The demand curve can shift left or right due to factors other than price, such as changes in income, tastes, or the availability of substitutes.

The demand curve helps businesses and economists understand consumer behavior and make pricing decisions.

47. Differentiate between free services and economic services. Give example. 3

Ans. The key differences between free services and economic services are:

1. Definition:
   • Free Services: Services that are available without any cost or price, typically provided by nature or government without the expectation of payment.
   • Economic Services: Services that require payment and involve the use of resources for production or provision. These services have an associated cost or price.
2. Price:
   • Free Services: No monetary exchange is required for their use.
   • Economic Services: Consumers must pay for these services.
3. Example:
   • Free Services: Fresh air, sunlight, or public goods like parks and street lighting (often funded through taxes).
   • Economic Services: Healthcare, education, banking, and transportation (services provided by businesses or government that charge for their use).

Free services are typically provided by nature or are non-market goods, while economic services are part of the market economy and require compensation for their use.

48. Explain the importance of primary sector in providing raw material to industries. 3

Ans. The primary sector plays a crucial role in providing raw materials to industries by supplying the basic resources needed for manufacturing goods. Its importance includes:

1. Raw Material Supply: The primary sector involves activities like agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry, which produce raw materials such as cotton, coal, iron ore, timber, and oil. These raw materials are essential for industries like textiles, construction, and energy production.
2. Foundation for Industrial Growth: The availability of raw materials from the primary sector drives industrialization by providing industries with the necessary inputs for production, such as metals, minerals, and agricultural products.
3. Economic Linkage: The primary sector creates a direct link between natural resources and industries, enabling the conversion of raw materials into finished products, thus supporting employment and economic development.
4. Cost-Effective Production: Raw materials sourced locally from the primary sector help industries reduce import costs, making production more cost-effective and ensuring self-sufficiency in key resources.
5. Export Potential: Countries rich in natural resources from the primary sector can export raw materials to other countries, earning foreign exchange and boosting the national economy.

In summary, the primary sector provides the foundation for the production and growth of the secondary (manufacturing) sector by supplying essential raw materials.

49. What is meant by labour intensive technology of production?                                              3

Ans. Labor-intensive technology of production refers to a production process that relies heavily on human labor rather than capital or machinery. In this method, a significant portion of the work is performed by workers, and the use of machines or automation is limited.

Key characteristics:

1. High Labor Input: A large amount of manual work is involved in the production process.
2. Low Capital Investment: Limited use of expensive machinery or automated equipment.
3. Skill-Based: Often requires workers with specific skills or training, depending on the nature of the product.
4. Cost Structure: The cost of labor is a significant portion of the total production cost.

Examples:

1. Agriculture: Traditional farming practices where most of the work is done by hand or with basic tools.
2. Textile and Garment Industry: Handloom weaving or manual stitching processes.
3. Construction: Labor-intensive tasks like bricklaying, manual excavation, or assembly.

Labor-intensive industries are typically found in economies with abundant and low-cost labor, and they tend to provide significant employment opportunities.

50. (i) Explain the method of collecting primary data through correspondent. 3

Ans. Collecting primary data through correspondents involves gathering firsthand information through individuals who are responsible for reporting or collecting data from a specific location or group of people. The correspondent acts as an intermediary between the researcher and the target population, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data.

 

Method of Collecting Primary Data through Correspondents:

1. Selection of Correspondents:

1. • Choose individuals who are familiar with the area, community, or topic being studied. These could be local residents, field workers, or experts in the relevant field.
   • They should have access to the target population and be trustworthy.

2. Training:

1. • Provide training to the correspondents on how to collect data effectively, ensuring they understand the survey or research objectives, how to use any tools (e.g., questionnaires, surveys), and the importance of accuracy and confidentiality.

3. Data Collection:

1. • The correspondent gathers data by interviewing individuals, observing activities, or distributing and collecting surveys.
   • They may use direct methods like face-to-face interviews, phone calls, or observation, or indirect methods like distributing questionnaires.

4. Data Recording:

1. • Correspondents record the data carefully, either manually (on paper) or digitally (using tablets or phones).
   • They should follow the instructions provided by the researcher and ensure data is collected from a representative sample of the population.

5. Transmission of Data:

1. • After data is collected, correspondents transmit the information back to the researcher for analysis. This may be done through email, phone calls, or physical delivery, depending on the setup.

6. Follow-up:

1. • The researcher may conduct follow-up visits or communication to verify the quality and accuracy of the data and clarify any inconsistencies.

Advantages:

• Local Knowledge: Correspondents often have better understanding and access to the target area, leading to more relevant and accurate data.
• Efficiency: Correspondents can gather data from hard-to-reach areas or groups that might be difficult for the researcher to access directly.
• Cost-Effective: Especially useful for large-scale surveys where the researcher cannot be physically present everywhere.

This method is commonly used in large surveys, journalistic investigations, market research, and field-based academic studies.

OR

(ii) Explain the meaning of total product.

Ans. Total Product (TP) refers to the total quantity of output produced by a firm or industry using a given set of inputs (like labor, capital, and raw materials) over a specific period. It represents the overall production resulting from the application of different combinations of factors of production.

Key Points about Total Product:

1. Total Output: It is the sum of all goods and services produced by a firm or industry.
2. Influence of Input: The total product increases as more inputs (such as labor or capital) are used, though it may increase at a decreasing rate due to the law of diminishing returns.
3. Production Function: Total product is often used in the production function, which shows the relationship between inputs and output.

Example:

If a factory employs 5 workers and produces 100 units of a product, then the total product is 100 units. If 10 workers are employed and the factory produces 180 units, the total product increases to 180 units.

Total product is an important concept in understanding how efficiently a firm is utilizing its resources in the production process.

51. (i) What causesNios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10 air pollution ? 3

Ans. Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere, which degrade air quality and pose risks to human health, animals, and the environment. Major causes of air pollution include:

1. Industrial Emissions: Factories and power plants release pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air from burning fossil fuels and processing materials.
2. Vehicle Exhaust: Cars, trucks, and other vehicles emit carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, contributing significantly to urban air pollution. Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10
3. Agricultural Activities: The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and the release of methane from livestock farming can contribute to air pollution.
4. Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy production releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
5. Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces the number of plants that can absorb carbon dioxide, leading to increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere.
6. Waste Disposal: Burning of waste materials, such as plastics, in open air contributes to the release of harmful chemicals like dioxins and particulate matter.
7. Household Activities: Burning wood, coal, or other fuels for heating or cooking in homes releases pollutants into the air.
8. Natural Sources: Volcanic eruptions, wildfires, and dust storms can also contribute to air pollution, although these are typically less controllable than human-made sources.

These pollutants degrade air quality, leading to health issues such as respiratory problems, heart disease, and environmental damage like acid rain and climate change.

OR

(ii) Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of environment.

 

Ans. Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy or environmental resources differ in terms of availability, sustainability, and environmental impact.

1. Definition: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Renewable Sources: These are resources that can be replenished naturally over time and are sustainable when managed properly.
• Non-renewable Sources: These are resources that are finite and cannot be replenished within a human lifetime or are replenished very slowly, often taking millions of years.

2. Examples:

• Renewable Sources: Solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, biomass.
• Non-renewable Sources: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), nuclear energy (uranium), minerals.

3. Sustainability:

• Renewable Sources: These are considered sustainable because they can be replenished naturally, often with minimal environmental impact.
• Non-renewable Sources: These are unsustainable because their reserves are finite and once used up, they cannot be regenerated.

4. Environmental Impact: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Renewable Sources: Generally have a lower environmental impact, as they do not produce harmful emissions or pollution. However, some renewable energy sources, like hydroelectric power, can have localized environmental impacts (e.g., disrupting aquatic ecosystems).
• Non-renewable Sources: The extraction and use of non-renewable resources often lead to environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, habitat destruction, and greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Availability:

• Renewable Sources: Widely available and can be used indefinitely as long as the rate of consumption does not exceed the natural replenishment rate.
• Non-renewable Sources: Limited in supply and can be exhausted over time, leading to energy crises and depletion of resources.

6. Cost: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Renewable Sources: Initially, renewable technologies can be expensive, but their long-term costs are often lower because they do not require continuous raw material input.
• Non-renewable Sources: The cost can fluctuate based on extraction, transportation, and geopolitical factors, and they may become more expensive over time as reserves dwindle.

In summary, renewable resources are environmentally friendly, sustainable, and inexhaustible, whereas non-renewable resources are limited, can cause environmental harm, and are being depleted at an unsustainable rate.

52. (i) Explain consumers’ right to be heard. 3

Ans. Consumers’ right to be heard is one of the key consumer rights that ensures consumers have the opportunity to voice their opinions, concerns, and complaints regarding products or services. It emphasizes that businesses and service providers must listen to and address the grievances of consumers.

Key Aspects of the Right to Be Heard: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

1. Consumer Representation: Consumers should be able to present their views, whether positive or negative, on products, services, or business practices. This right allows them to participate in decision-making processes that affect their lives.
2. Complaint Redressal: If a consumer faces issues with a product or service, they should have the right to lodge complaints. This can be done through customer service, grievance redressal forums, or regulatory bodies.
3. Access to Information: Consumers should be informed about their rights and the procedures to lodge complaints, as well as any laws that protect them.
4. Fair Treatment: Businesses should give fair consideration to consumer complaints and take corrective actions when necessary. This could include offering refunds, replacements, or adjustments based on the nature of the complaint.
5. Consumer Protection Laws: Consumer rights to be heard are often protected by consumer protection laws and regulatory bodies, which ensure businesses are accountable for their actions and transparent in dealing with consumer concerns.

Example: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

If a consumer buys a faulty product, they have the right to express their dissatisfaction to the company and demand a refund, replacement, or repair. Additionally, if the company fails to address the issue, the consumer can escalate the matter to consumer protection authorities.

In essence, the right to be heard ensures consumers have a voice in the marketplace and can seek redress for unfair practices, leading to greater accountability for businesses and better consumer protection.

OR

(ii) What does soil degradation refer to ?

Ans. Soil degradation refers to the decline in the quality and productivity of soil due to various human activities or natural processes. It results in the loss of soil’s ability to support plant growth and maintain healthy ecosystems. Soil degradation can lead to reduced agricultural yields, loss of biodiversity, and environmental imbalances.

Causes of Soil Degradation:

1. Erosion: The removal of topsoil by wind, water, or human activity (such as plowing) leads to the loss of nutrient-rich soil.
2. Deforestation: The removal of trees and vegetation exposes soil to erosion, reduces organic matter, and disrupts soil structure.
3. Overgrazing: When livestock graze too much, they can damage vegetation and soil, leading to desertification and loss of fertility.
4. Over-cultivation: Repeated farming without proper soil management can deplete essential nutrients and degrade soil structure.
5. Chemical Use: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can lead to the buildup of harmful substances, reducing soil health and fertility.
6. Urbanization: Construction and development activities can compact soil, reduce its permeability, and cover it with impervious surfaces, preventing natural soil processes.

Types of Soil Degradation: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

1. Erosion: Loss of the uppermost soil layer, which contains vital nutrients.
2. Salinization: Accumulation of salts in the soil, often due to improper irrigation practices, making it difficult for plants to grow.
3. Acidification: Soil becoming too acidic, often from overuse of chemical fertilizers, affecting plant growth.
4. Compaction: Soil becomes compressed, reducing its ability to hold water and nutrients, and limiting root growth.

Consequences:

• Reduced Agricultural Productivity: Soil loses its fertility, making it harder to grow crops.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Degraded soil can support fewer plant species and disrupt local ecosystems.
• Water Pollution: Eroded soil can carry sediments and pollutants into water bodies, affecting water quality.

Solutions:

• Sustainable farming practices: Crop rotation, agroforestry, and organic farming help maintain soil health.
• Soil conservation: Techniques like terracing, contour farming, and planting cover crops reduce erosion.
• Reforestation: Planting trees to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

In summary, soil degradation is a serious environmental issue that affects agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and overall ecosystem health. Addressing it requires sustainable land management practices and conservation efforts.

53. Data are basis of Government policies. Explain. 5

Ans. Data serves as the foundation for creating and shaping government policies. The accurate and comprehensive collection, analysis, and interpretation of data help governments make informed decisions, design effective policies, and track their outcomes. Here’s how data is crucial in policy-making:

1. Informed Decision-Making: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Data provides governments with objective evidence about the current state of society, economy, environment, and more. For example, economic data on inflation, unemployment, or GDP growth helps policymakers formulate fiscal policies or interventions to stabilize the economy.
• Social data, such as health statistics, literacy rates, and crime rates, helps in creating policies to address issues like healthcare, education, and law enforcement.

2. Resource Allocation:

• Accurate data enables governments to identify regions or sectors that need urgent attention. For example, poverty and employment data guide the allocation of resources for welfare programs or job creation.
• It helps prioritize public spending on infrastructure, social welfare, and other essential services based on the most pressing needs.

3. Monitoring and Evaluation: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Governments use data to monitor the effectiveness of policies once they are implemented. For instance, educational performance data allows the government to assess whether reforms in the education system are improving outcomes.
• Feedback from data analysis can lead to adjustments or revisions of policies to make them more effective or responsive to changes in society or the economy.

4. Setting Targets and Goals:

• Data allows governments to set realistic and measurable targets. For example, health data may show trends in disease prevalence, prompting the government to set targets for disease reduction or vaccination coverage.
• It also helps track progress towards achieving broader national goals, such as reducing poverty, increasing employment, or improving environmental sustainability.

5. Predicting Trends and Challenges:

• Data helps anticipate future challenges. For example, demographic data allows governments to predict the aging population and plan for future healthcare and pension needs.
• Environmental data can help predict the impacts of climate change and guide policies for environmental protection or disaster preparedness.

6. Engaging the Public: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

• Transparency in data collection and its use helps build trust between the government and citizens. Open data initiatives allow the public to understand and participate in policy discussions.
• Feedback from surveys or citizen data collection programs can also guide policy adjustments and promote a participatory approach to governance.

Examples:

• Economic Policies: Data on unemployment, inflation, and GDP growth helps governments make decisions on taxation, interest rates, and spending.
• Health Policies: Data on disease outbreaks, vaccination rates, and healthcare access informs public health policies and interventions.
• Environmental Policies: Data on air quality, water pollution, and climate change guides policies to protect natural resources and mitigate environmental damage.

In summary, data is integral to government policy-making, as it provides the evidence needed to create, implement, and evaluate effective policies. It ensures that decisions are based on facts, trends, and the needs of society, leading to better governance and improved public welfare.

54. (i) Explain the production activities included in the secondary sector of our economy. 5

Ans. The secondary sector of the economy involves production activities that transform raw materials into finished goods or products. These activities add value to the raw materials and typically involve manufacturing, construction, and industries that process these materials.

Key Production Activities in the Secondary Sector:

1. Manufacturing:

1. • Transforming Raw Materials into Goods: This involves converting raw materials from the primary sector into finished goods. For example, iron ore is converted into steel, and cotton is spun into fabric.
   • Examples: Automobile manufacturing, textile production, food processing, electronic goods production.

2. Construction:

1. • Building Infrastructure: This includes the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other infrastructure projects. These activities require both skilled labor and raw materials like cement, steel, and wood.
   • Examples: Residential, commercial, and industrial construction, road-building, and large-scale infrastructure projects.

3. Energy Production: Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

1. • Power Generation: The production of energy from sources like coal, oil, natural gas, wind, solar, and hydroelectric power falls under the secondary sector. This includes the construction and operation of power plants.
   • Examples: Coal power stations, solar farms, wind energy production, and the refining of oil.

4. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries:

1. • Production of Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals: This includes the creation of chemical products, fertilizers, medicines, and other chemical-based goods.
   • Examples: Fertilizer production, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and the production of chemicals used in industries.

5. Textiles and Apparel:

1. • Processing of Fabrics: The secondary sector also includes the processing of raw textiles and the manufacturing of clothing and other fabric-based products.
   • Examples: Spinning, weaving, dyeing, garment manufacturing, and footwear production.

6. Food and Beverage Processing:

1. • Food Processing and Packaging: This involves converting raw agricultural products into processed food and beverages for consumption.
   • Examples: Canning, bottling, dairy products manufacturing, and the production of packaged food.

7. Metal and Steel Industry:

1. • Processing and Shaping Metals: Involves smelting, forging, and processing metals into products such as tools, machinery, and vehicles.
   • Examples: Steel mills, aluminum manufacturing, and the production of metal products used in construction, transport, and machinery.

   • Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

8. Furniture and Wood Industries:

1. • Wood Processing: This includes the production of furniture, paper, and other wood-based products.
   • Examples: Furniture manufacturing, plywood production, and paper mills.

Importance of the Secondary Sector:

• Economic Growth: It is a key driver of economic development, converting raw materials into valuable products that can be consumed or further processed.
• Job Creation: Manufacturing and construction industries provide significant employment opportunities.
• Value Addition: It adds value to raw materials, contributing to the overall wealth of the economy.
• Exports: Many goods produced in the secondary sector are exported, contributing to a country’s foreign exchange earnings.

In summary, the secondary sector is focused on manufacturing, processing, and construction activities that turn raw materials into finished goods, contributing significantly to economic growth, industrialization, and job creation.

OR

(ii) Different countries of the world seem to be coming together. Explain.

Ans. The idea of countries of the world coming together can be understood in the context of globalization and international cooperation, where nations are increasingly interconnected and interdependent across economic, social, political, and environmental spheres. This process has accelerated over the last few decades, and it manifests in various forms:

1. Economic Globalization:

• Trade and Commerce: Countries are increasingly engaged in global trade through agreements like World Trade Organization (WTO), free trade agreements (FTAs), and regional economic unions (e.g., European Union, ASEAN). This has led to the expansion of markets, making goods, services, and capital flow more freely across borders.
• Multinational Corporations: Companies that operate in multiple countries, such as Apple, Coca-Cola, and Toyota, play a central role in creating economic links between nations. They foster interconnected economies through trade, investment, and the movement of labor and technology.

2. Political Cooperation:

• International Organizations: The creation of global institutions like the United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Health Organization (WHO) reflects efforts by countries to address global issues collectively, including peace and security, development, health, and humanitarian aid.
• Diplomacy and Alliances: Countries form political alliances and treaties, such as NATO, European Union (EU), and regional pacts like Mercosur, to address common security concerns, promote economic cooperation, and maintain stability.

3. Cultural Exchange:

• Communication and Media: The spread of information through the internet, social media, and global news networks like CNN, BBC, and Al Jazeera fosters cultural exchange and creates a global village where people from different cultures and regions can share ideas, beliefs, and experiences.
• Travel and Tourism: The ease of international travel has brought people from different cultures closer, leading to more intercultural understanding and exchange. This is also reflected in international sporting events like the Olympics and FIFA World Cup, which bring nations together.

4. Environmental Cooperation:

• Climate Change and Sustainability: Global environmental issues like climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution require coordinated efforts across countries. International agreements like the Paris Agreement focus on combating climate change and promoting sustainability.
• Shared Resources: Countries must work together to manage and preserve shared natural resources, such as water bodies, forests, and oceans. Cooperation in these areas is vital for long-term survival and prosperity.

 

5. Technological Advancements:

• Innovation and Research: The sharing of scientific knowledge, technology, and research across borders has led to innovations that benefit humanity as a whole. Collaborative efforts in space exploration, medicine (e.g., COVID-19 vaccine development), and technology (such as the internet) highlight global cooperation.
• Digital Connectivity: The widespread use of the internet and digital technologies has created a connected world where information, services, and markets operate globally.

 

6. Human Rights and Social Justice:

• Global Advocacy: International movements for human rights, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, advocate for the rights of individuals and groups around the world. United Nations conventions and declarations, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, promote the protection of basic human freedoms.
• Migration and Refugees: Global agreements on migration and refugee policies, such as the Global Compact for Migration, aim to provide better protection and rights for people on the move, fostering a sense of solidarity.

Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10

7. Global Health Challenges:

• Pandemics: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the need for countries to work together in responding to global health threats, with international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) coordinating efforts to control the spread of diseases, share research, and distribute vaccines.

Conclusion:

Countries coming together is a natural consequence of an increasingly interconnected world, where collaboration in areas like trade, security, culture, environment, and technology is necessary to address common global challenges. Globalization, international organizations, political alliances, and shared objectives in fields like health, climate change, and human rights contribute to a more cooperative world. However, the process also brings challenges related to inequality, cultural differences, and national sovereignty, requiring careful negotiation and compromise.

Nios Last Year Solved Question Paper Economics 214 Class 10 .

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