Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper

By PK Kapri & Co. Nios Previous Year 2024 Solved Question Paper Senior Secondary Class Nios Last five year solved exam question paper, Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper, Political Science 317 Nios Previous Year Solved Question Paper Class 12

Political Science 317 Nios Previous Year Solved Question Paper Class 12

Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper. Download in Pdf Click Here.

Political Science

(317)

Time: 3 Hours] [ Maximum Marks: 100

Note:

(i) This Question Paper consists of 54 questions in all.

(ii) All questions are compulsory.

(iii) Marks are given against each question.

(iv) Attempt all questions either from Optional Module—7A or Optional Module—7B in all sections.

(v) Section–A consists of

(a) Q. Nos. 1 to 20—Multiple Choice type questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each. Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given in each of these questions. An internal choice has

been provided in some of these questions. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.

(b) Q. Nos. 21 to 35—Objective type questions carrying 2 marks each (within 2 sub-parts of 1 mark each). Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions.

(vi) Section–B consists of Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper

(a) Q. Nos. 36 to 46—Very short type questions carrying 2 marks each to be answered in the range of 30 to 50 words.

(b) Q. Nos. 47 to 52—Short answer type questions carrying 3 marks each to be answered in the range of 50 to 80 words.

(c) Q. Nos. 53 and 54—Long answer type questions carrying 5 marks each to be answered in the range of 80 to 120 words.

(1) Answers of all questions are to be given in the Answer-Book given to you.

(2) 15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be distributed at 2:15 p.m. From 2:15 p.m. to 2:30 p.m., the students will read the question paper only and will not write any answer on the Answer-Book during this period.

PART – A

SECTION – A: READING

The roots of liberalism can be traced to the days of the

(A) fifteenth century (B) sixteenth century

Ans. (C) seventeenth century

Which one of the following is not advocated by Gandhism? 1

(A) Ahimsa (B) Swaraj

Ans. (D) Centralization of Powers

Which one of the following is an essential element of State? 1

(A) Forests (B) Industries

Ans. (C) Population

The Fundamental Rights have been enumerated in the Constitution from which Article to which Article? 1

(A) Article 14 to 26 (B) Article 14 to 28

Ans. (D) Article 14 to 32

Or

Which one of the following is not a Fundamental Right? 1

(A) Right to Equality (B) Right to Freedom of Religion

Ans. (C) Right to Food

Which one of the following freedoms is not a freedom guaranteed by the Constitution of India? 1

(A) Freedom of speech

(B) Freedom of assemble peacefully without arms

(D) Freedom to move throughout India

Ans. (C) Freedom to have unlimited property

Or

How many Fundamental Rights are granted by the Constitution of India at present? 1

(A) Seven (B) Six

Ans. (B) Six

Under which Constitutional Amendment, one-third of seats were reserved for women in the Panchayats? 1

(A) 72nd (B) 73rd

Ans. (B) 73^rd

Or

Through which Constitutional Amendment, ‘free and compulsory education’ for the children up to the age of 14 years has been made a Fundamental Right? 1

(A) 86th (B) 87th

Ans. (A) 86^th

How many Subjects are included in the Union List as per the division of powers between the Centre and the States? 1

(A) 95 (B) 96

Ans. (c) 97

How many Subjects are included in the State List as per the division of powers between the Centre and the States? 1

(A) 64 (B) 65

Ans. (B) 65

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What is the minimum age required for the office of the President of India? 1

(A) 21 years (B) 25 years

Ans. (D) 35 years

Which among the following can remove the President of India from office? 1

(A) The Supreme Court of India

(B) The Lok Sabha only

(D) Jointly by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha

Ans. (D) Jointly by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha

Who is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces? 1

(A) The President of India (B) The Prime Minister of India

Ans. (A) The President of India

OR

Who appoints the Prime Minister of India? 1

(A) The President of India (B) The Supreme Court of India

Ans. (A) The President of India

What is the maximum permissible membership of the Rajya Sabha? 1

(A) 200 (B) 225

Ans. (C) 250

Who amongst the following has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha? 1

(A) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (B) The Prime Minister of India

Ans. (D) The President of India

Which one of the following is not a Panchayati Raj Institution? 1

(A) Gram Sabha (B) Block Samiti

Ans. (C) Municipal Committee

By which name is the political head of the Municipal Corporation known as? 1

(A) Mayor (B) Chairman

Ans. (A) Mayor

Who allots a symbol to a political party? 1

(A) The Election Commission (B) The District Magistrate

Ans. (A) The Election Commission

What is the minimum age prescribed for an Indian citizen to be a voter? 1

(A) 16 years (B) 18 years

Ans. (B) 18 years

Which one of the following is not a qualification required for a voter? 1

(A) Should be a citizen of India

(B) Should be educated

(D) Should have a Voter Card

Ans. (B) Should be educated

What is the minimum age prescribed for a candidate to contest the Lok Sabha Elections? 1

(A) 21 years (B) 25 years

Ans. (B) 25 years

Which one of the following parties is not a regional party? 1

(A) Shiv Sena (B) The Communist Party of India

Ans. (B) The Communist Party of India

In which year did India conduct her first nuclear test? 1

(A) 1968 (B) 1978

Ans. (D) 1998

Which one of the following statements is not true about India’s nuclear policy? 1

(A) It stands for disarmament. (B) It stands for nuclear weapons.

Ans. (B) It stands for nuclear weapons.

Who had propounded the Two-Nation theory before the Independence? 1

(A) The Indian National Congress (B) The British Government

Ans. (C) The Muslim League.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7A

On which date is the United Nations Day celebrated? 1

(A) 26th January (B) 24th October

Ans. (B) 24th October.

All members of the United Nations are also the members of the

(A) Security Council (B) General Assembly

Ans. (B) General Assembly.

How many countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council at present? 1

(A) 3 (B) 4

Ans. (C) 5.

Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper. Download in Pdf Click Here.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7B

Who appoints the Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission? 1

(A) The President of India (B) The Vice President of India

Ans. (A) The President of India.

What is the maximum age fixed for the members of the UPSC to hold office? 1

(A) 55 years (B) 60 years

Ans. (C) 65 years.

Which one of the following statements is true about political executive? 1

(A) It includes politicians only.

(B) It includes political parties and politicians both.

(D) It is nominated by the President of India.

Ans. (A) It includes politicians only.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

Strictly speaking, the State is a _____ organization and the society is a _____ organization.

Ans. Strictly speaking, the State is a political organization and the society is a social organization.

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Which organ of the government enforces law?

(b) Name any two important elements of the State.

(c) Out of the State and society, which one originated first?

Ans.

(a) The organ of the government that enforces law is the Executive. The Executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws made by the Legislative branch and ensuring that the rule of law is maintained.

(b) Two important elements of the State are:

Territory: The defined geographical area over which the State exercises its authority and governance.
Population: The group of people who reside within the territory and are subject to the State’s laws and governance.

(c) Society originated first. Societies formed as groups of individuals began to interact, cooperate, and establish relationships. The State emerged later as a more structured political organization to govern and manage these societies, often formalizing authority and laws to maintain order.

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Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Name any two philosophers of Marxism.

(b) Name the political thinker who advocated that ‘‘ends and means are the two sides of the same coin.’’

(c) Which Revolution gave the ideas of ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’?

Ans.

(a) Two prominent philosophers of Marxism are:

Karl Marx: The founding figure of Marxism, known for his critique of capitalism and his theories on socialism and class struggle.
Friedrich Engels: A close collaborator of Marx, Engels contributed significantly to Marxist theory and co-authored several works with Marx, including “The Communist Manifesto.”

(b) The political thinker who advocated that “ends and means are the two sides of the same coin” is Mahatma Gandhi. He emphasized that the means used to achieve an end are just as important as the end itself, highlighting the importance of ethical conduct in political actions.

(c) The French Revolution gave rise to the ideas of “liberty, equality, and fraternity.” These principles became foundational values of the revolution, emphasizing individual rights, social equality, and the importance of community and solidarity among citizens.

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) The ‘Right to Education’ has been added under which Fundamental Right?

(b) Which Fundamental Right can preserve the language and culture of the minorities?

(c) Which Constitutional Amendment made the ‘Right to Education’ as a Fundamental Right?

Ans.

The ‘Right to Education’ has been added under Article 21A of the Constitution of India, which is part of the Fundamental Rights. This right was enacted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, making education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years.
The Fundamental Right that can preserve the language and culture of minorities is Article 30 of the Constitution of India. This article grants minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, thereby enabling them to preserve their distinct language, culture, and heritage.
The 86th Constitutional Amendment made the ‘Right to Education’ a Fundamental Right in India. This amendment was enacted in 2002 and introduced Article 21A, which guarantees free and compulsory education to children aged 6 to 14 years.

Answer any two questions: 1×2=2

(a) Who appoints the Chairman and the members of the Election Commission of India?

(b) Who is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

(c) Who is responsible for the administration of the country?

Ans.

The President of India appoints the Chairman and the members of the Election Commission of India.
The Vice President of India is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
The Executive branch of the government is responsible for the administration of the country. This branch is headed by the Prime Minister at the national level, along with the Council of Ministers, and is responsible for implementing laws, formulating policies, and managing the day-to-day affairs of the government.

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Which level of government has the reservation of seats for women?

(b) Name the three tiers of Panchayati Raj System.

(c) Which Election Commission holds the elections of local bodies in a State?

Ans.

The local level of government has the reservation of seats for women. This includes Panchayati Raj institutions in rural areas and urban local bodies (such as Municipalities and Municipal Corporations) where a minimum of one-third of the seats are reserved for women. This reservation is mandated by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in India.
The three tiers of the Panchayati Raj System are:Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper. Download in Pdf Click Here.

Gram Panchayat: The lowest level, which operates at the village level.
Panchayat Samiti: The intermediate level, which operates at the block or tehsil level.
Zila Parishad: The highest level, which operates at the district level.

The State Election Commission holds the elections of local bodies in a state. Each state in India has its own State Election Commission, which is responsible for conducting free and fair elections for Panchayati Raj institutions (rural local bodies) and urban local bodies (such as Municipalities and Municipal Corporations).

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

(a) The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a term of _years or till the age of _ whichever is earlier.

(b) The Indian National Congress was formed in the year _ and _was its first President.

Ans. (a) The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a term of five years or till the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

(b) The Indian National Congress was formed in the year 1885, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee was its first President.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

Bharatiya Janata Party is a _ party and Mizo National Front is a _ party.

Ans. Bharatiya Janata Party is a national party, and Mizo National Front is a regional party.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1×2=2

(a) _ and _ are the two main environmental problems.

Or

(b) India has a protected network of 75 _ Parks and 421 _Sanctuaries.

Ans. (a) Pollution and deforestation are the two main environmental problems.

India has a protected network of 75 National Parks and 421 Wildlife

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

_ Commission recommended reservation of seats for _ in government jobs.

Ans. The Mandal Commission recommended reservation of seats for OBCs (Other Backward Classes) in government jobs.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

(a) _ and _ are the two major threats to good governance.

(b) The essence of good governance is being _ friendly and power_ system.

Ans. (a) Corruption and inefficiency are the two major threats to good governance.

(b) The essence of good governance is being people-friendly and power-sharing system.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

Computers can increase the _ in the _ of government.

Ans. Computers can increase the efficiency in the functioning of government.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

The first NAM Conference was held in _ in the year _.

Ans. The first NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) Conference was held in Belgrade in the year 1961.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

_ is the boundary line between China and India which lies in the East of _.

Ans. The McMahon Line is the boundary line between China and India, which lies in the east of Arunachal Pradesh.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7A

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

_ and _ are the two permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Ans. United States and China are two of the permanent members of the UN Security Council.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7B

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

The conditions of service of members of UPSC shall not be _ after their appointment that may lead to their _.

Ans. The conditions of service of members of UPSC shall not be varied after their appointment in a way that may lead to their disadvantage.

SECTION–B

Explain Gandhiji’s thinking that ‘means justify the end’. 2

Ans. Gandhiji’s philosophy of “means justify the end” emphasizes that the methods used to achieve a goal should be morally sound and non-violent. He believed that achieving positive outcomes through unethical or harmful actions taints the result. For Gandhiji, purity in means—such as truthfulness, compassion, and non-violence—ensures that the final outcome is just and sustainable. His approach encouraged patience, self-discipline, and respect for others’ rights, as he saw these virtues as essential for creating lasting change and harmony in society.

Explain the ‘historical materialism’ theory of Marxism. 2

Ans. The theory of historical materialism in Marxism, developed by Karl Marx, argues that material conditions—particularly economic factors—drive historical development and social change. According to Marx, society progresses through stages (such as feudalism, capitalism, and eventually socialism) based on changes in the mode of production, like advancements in technology or shifts in labor structure. This economic foundation shapes all aspects of society, including politics, law, and culture. Historical materialism posits that class struggle, stemming from inequalities in the economic base, is the primary force of change, eventually leading to a classless society.

Highlight any two features of the Constitution of India that establish a strong Centre. 1×2=2

Ans.

Union List with Exclusive Powers: The Constitution grants the central government exclusive legislative power over subjects in the Union List, including defense, foreign affairs, and atomic energy, ensuring strong control over key national matters.
Emergency Provisions: In times of national emergencies, the Centre can assume greater control over states, even suspending certain state powers. This allows the central government to override states’ autonomy to maintain unity and stability across the country.

Analyze the importance of the emergency provisions made in the Constitution of India. 2

Ans. The emergency provisions in the Constitution of India, primarily detailed in Articles 352, 356, and 360, are crucial for several reasons:

Maintaining National Integrity: Emergencies can arise from external aggression, internal disturbances, or financial instability. These provisions allow the government to respond swiftly to protect the nation’s integrity and security.
Centralized Authority: During emergencies, the central government can assume greater powers, which enables a coordinated response to crises. This centralization helps ensure that decisions are made effectively and efficiently without delays.
Protection of Fundamental Rights: Although certain rights may be suspended during a national emergency, the provisions also safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens through procedural guarantees. This balance aims to protect citizens even in times of क्राइसिस।

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Stability in Governance: Emergency provisions help stabilize governance during turbulent times by allowing the government to enact necessary measures to restore order and functionality, preventing governance from becoming ineffective.
Flexibility in Governance: They provide a framework that allows for flexibility in responding to unexpected challenges, reflecting the dynamic nature of governance in a diverse and complex society.

In summary, the emergency provisions are designed to ensure that the government can act decisively and effectively to safeguard the nation and maintain order during extraordinary circumstances.

Highlight the importance of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in two points. 1×2=2

Ans.

Access to Justice: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) enhances access to justice for marginalized and disadvantaged groups who may not have the resources to seek legal redress. It allows individuals or organizations to file petitions on behalf of the public interest, ensuring that societal issues are addressed, and the rights of the underprivileged are protected.
Judicial Activism: PIL promotes judicial activism by enabling the courts to take a proactive role in enforcing fundamental rights and addressing issues of social justice. It empowers the judiciary to intervene in matters of public concern, leading to significant rulings that can result in policy changes and improvements in governance.

Highlight the importance of the Supreme Court of India in two points. 1×2=2

Ans.

Guardian of the Constitution: The Supreme Court of India serves as the highest interpreter of the Constitution, ensuring that its provisions are upheld and protected. It has the authority to review laws and executive actions, safeguarding citizens’ fundamental rights and maintaining the rule of law.
Dispute Resolution: The Supreme Court plays a crucial role in resolving disputes between the central and state governments, as well as between different states. This function helps maintain the federal structure of India, ensuring harmony and cooperation among various levels of government, and contributing to national stability.
Evaluate the functioning of Gram Panchayats as an institution of democracy.

Evaluate the functioning of Gram Panchayats as an institution of democracy.

Ans. The functioning of Gram Panchayats as an institution of democracy can be evaluated based on several key aspects:

Decentralization of Power: Gram Panchayats represent the grassroots level of governance, empowering local communities to make decisions on development and resource allocation. This decentralization enhances democratic participation by involving citizens directly in governance, making it more responsive to local needs.
Promotion of Local Governance: They provide a platform for local self-governance, allowing villagers to engage in decision-making processes. This enhances accountability and transparency, as elected representatives are directly answerable to their constituents, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among the कम्युनिटी।

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Implementation of Development Programs: Gram Panchayats play a vital role in implementing government schemes and programs at the village level, focusing on rural development, infrastructure, health, and education. Their effectiveness in execution is crucial for the success of these initiatives, thus contributing to overall community development.
Women’s Empowerment: With a mandated reservation of seats for women, Gram Panchayats promote gender equality and women’s participation in politics. This empowerment helps challenge traditional gender roles and fosters inclusive decision-making.
Challenges and Limitations: Despite their significance, Gram Panchayats often face challenges such as lack of resources, inadequate training, and bureaucratic interference. Additionally, the influence of local elites can undermine the democratic process, leading to issues of accountability and representation.

In summary, while Gram Panchayats play a crucial role in enhancing democratic governance at the local level, their effectiveness can be hindered by various challenges. Strengthening their capacity and ensuring genuine participation is essential for realizing the full potential of local democracy.

Assess the role of educational institutions in the formation of public opinion. 2

Ans. Educational institutions play a significant role in shaping public opinion through various mechanisms:

Knowledge Dissemination: Educational institutions serve as primary sources of knowledge and information, equipping students with critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of societal issues. By fostering a well-informed populace, they encourage individuals to form educated opinions on various topics, from politics to social justice.
Civic Engagement and Awareness: Schools and universities often promote civic education and encourage students to engage with community issues. This involvement cultivates a sense of responsibility and awareness about social and political matters, influencing public opinion by motivating students to participate in democratic processes, such as voting and एडवोकेसी।

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Exposure to Diverse Perspectives: Educational institutions expose students to diverse viewpoints and cultural backgrounds, promoting tolerance and understanding. This exposure can challenge preconceived notions and biases, leading to more nuanced public opinions and fostering dialogue on important social issues.
Research and Advocacy: Higher education institutions often engage in research and advocacy on pressing societal challenges. By publishing studies, hosting discussions, and influencing policy through their findings, they can shape public discourse and inform opinion on critical matters.
Role Models and Leadership: Educators and academic leaders can serve as role models and thought leaders, influencing students’ values and opinions. Their beliefs and actions can inspire students to become advocates for change, further shaping public opinion in society.

OR

Highlight the role of regional parties. 2

Ans. Regional parties play a crucial role in the political landscape of a country, particularly in a diverse nation like India. Here are some key roles they fulfill:

Representation of Local Interests: Regional parties focus on the specific needs and aspirations of particular geographic areas or communities. They bring local issues to the forefront, ensuring that the voices of regional populations are heard in the broader political arena.
Enhancing Federalism: By advocating for state rights and interests, regional parties strengthen the federal structure of governance. They often challenge central authority when local needs are overlooked, promoting a more balanced distribution of power between the center and states.
Political Diversity: Regional parties contribute to political pluralism by offering alternatives to national parties. They represent a range of ideologies and policy preferences, enriching the democratic process and providing voters with more चोइसस।

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Mobilization of Voters: Regional parties are often more in tune with local sentiments and issues, enabling them to effectively mobilize voters. Their grassroots connection can enhance political participation and engagement within their regions.
Coalition Building: In a multi-party system, regional parties often play a vital role in coalition politics. Their support can be crucial for forming stable governments, especially when no single party has an absolute majority. This can lead to more inclusive governance that takes regional interests into account.
Promoting Regional Development: Many regional parties prioritize economic and social development specific to their regions. They advocate for policies and programs that address local challenges, contributing to regional growth and prosperity.

Analyze urbanization as a cause of pollution. 2

Ans. Urbanization significantly contributes to pollution through various interconnected factors:

Increased Population Density: Urban areas attract large populations due to economic opportunities, leading to overcrowding. Higher population density results in greater waste generation, including solid waste and sewage, which can overwhelm waste management systems and lead to pollution of land and water bodies.
Industrialization: Urbanization often accompanies industrial growth, which contributes to air and water pollution. Factories and industrial plants emit pollutants into the air, including greenhouse gases and particulate matter, while industrial discharges can contaminate local water sources with hazardous chemicals.
Transportation Emissions: The rise of urban centers leads to increased vehicle use for commuting, resulting in elevated emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants. Traffic congestion exacerbates these emissions, contributing to poor air quality and health issues among urban रेसिडेंट्स।

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Construction Activities: Urban expansion involves significant construction activities, which generate dust and particulate matter that pollute the air. Additionally, the extraction of raw materials and transportation can contribute to environmental degradation.
Heat Island Effect: Urbanization creates “heat islands,” where built environments absorb and retain heat, leading to increased energy consumption for cooling. This can heighten air conditioning use, further contributing to air pollution from power generation.
Inadequate Infrastructure: Rapid urbanization often outpaces infrastructure development, leading to inadequate waste disposal and treatment facilities. This can result in illegal dumping and the release of untreated waste into the environment, contributing to soil and water pollution.
Loss of Green Spaces: Urbanization typically involves the loss of natural landscapes and green spaces, which play a crucial role in absorbing pollutants and improving air quality. The reduction of vegetation can lead to higher pollution levels and diminished ecosystem services.

Analyze the concept of sustainable development. 2

Ans. Sustainable development is a multifaceted concept that seeks to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. Here are key aspects of sustainable development:

Definition and Principles: Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is built on principles such as intergenerational equity, environmental integrity, social inclusion, and economic viability.
Economic Growth: Sustainable development promotes economic growth that is inclusive and equitable. This involves creating jobs, fostering innovation, and improving living standards while ensuring that economic activities do not deplete natural resources or cause environmental harm.
Environmental Protection: A core component of sustainable development is the conservation and responsible management of natural resources. This includes minimizing pollution, protecting ecosystems, and promoting biodiversity. Sustainable practices aim to mitigate climate change and reduce humanity’s ecological footprint.

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Social Equity: Sustainable development emphasizes social inclusion and equity, ensuring that all individuals have access to basic needs such as education, healthcare, and clean water. It aims to empower marginalized communities and promote equal opportunities, fostering social cohesion and justice.
Integrated Approach: Sustainable development requires an integrated approach that considers the interconnections between economic, social, and environmental factors. Policies and strategies should align across sectors to achieve holistic and long-term benefits.
Stakeholder Engagement: Achieving sustainable development involves engaging various stakeholders, including governments, businesses, civil society, and local communities. Collaboration and participatory decision-making are essential for identifying solutions that reflect diverse perspectives and needs.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The United Nations has established 17 Sustainable Development Goals that provide a framework for global efforts to achieve sustainable development by 2030. These goals address a wide range of issues, including poverty eradication, gender equality, clean energy, and responsible consumption.

Highlight any two features of good governance. 1×2=2

Ans. Transparency and Accountability: Good governance emphasizes transparency in decision-making processes and the actions of public officials. It ensures that information is accessible and understandable to the public, fostering trust and enabling citizens to hold authorities accountable for their actions.

Rule of Law: A key feature of good governance is adherence to the rule of law, which means that laws are applied fairly and consistently. This ensures that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to the law, protecting citizens’ rights and promoting justice and equality.

Analyze the relations between India and China. 2

Ans. The relations between India and China are complex and multifaceted, characterized by a blend of cooperation, competition, and tension. Here’s an analysis of their relationship:

Historical Context: India and China share a long history, with ancient cultural exchanges, trade, and philosophical influences. However, the relationship has been marred by conflicts, notably the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which resulted in territorial disputes and lasting mistrust.
Territorial Disputes: The primary source of tension between India and China lies in territorial disputes, particularly in the regions of Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. These disputes have led to military standoffs, most notably the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, highlighting ongoing tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Economic Relations: Despite political tensions, India and China have significant economic ties. China is one of India’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade exceeding $100 billion. However, trade imbalances and concerns over Chinese investments in critical sectors have raised security concerns in India.

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Strategic Rivalry: India views China’s increasing influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region as a strategic challenge. China’s close ties with Pakistan, especially through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), further complicate relations. In response, India has sought to strengthen alliances with countries like the United States, Japan, and Australia, particularly within frameworks like the Quad.
Regional Cooperation: Both countries are members of various multilateral organizations, including BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). They engage in dialogues to address regional issues, such as terrorism and climate change, emphasizing the importance of cooperation despite bilateral tensions.
Cultural Exchange: Cultural diplomacy plays a role in fostering goodwill between the two nations. Initiatives promoting people-to-people contact, tourism, and educational exchanges aim to enhance mutual understanding and strengthen ties.
Future Outlook: The future of India-China relations remains uncertain, with potential for both cooperation and conflict. Managing territorial disputes, addressing trade imbalances, and fostering dialogue will be crucial for stability. Both nations must navigate their strategic interests while finding common ground to build a more constructive relationship.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7A

Analyze the importance of UN Security Council. 2

Ans. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) plays a crucial role in maintaining global peace and security. Here’s an analysis of its importance:

Primary Responsibility for Peacekeeping: The UNSC has the mandate to take action to prevent conflicts and maintain peace worldwide. It can deploy peacekeeping forces, impose sanctions, and authorize military action to address conflicts and crises, making it central to the UN’s mission of global stability.
Decision-Making Power: The UNSC is the only UN body with the authority to make binding resolutions that member states must follow. This power allows it to address issues like arms control, terrorism, and international law enforcement effectively, creating a framework for coordinated global action.
Representation of Global Powers: With five permanent members (the United States, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, and France) holding veto power, the UNSC reflects the interests of major global powers, making it a forum for managing power dynamics. However, this also draws criticism for limiting representation of other countries.

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Crisis Response and Conflict Resolution: The UNSC plays a critical role in managing crises, whether regional conflicts, humanitarian emergencies, or threats of war. By intervening through peacekeeping missions and mediation efforts, it contributes to conflict resolution and helps protect civilian populations.
Promoting International Cooperation: The UNSC fosters cooperation among nations on global security issues. By bringing countries together to address threats like terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and climate-related risks, it promotes collaborative solutions and a shared sense of responsibility.

Give any two examples of peacekeeping activities of the United Nations. 1×2=2

Ans.

UNIFIL in Lebanon: The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was established in 1978 to oversee the withdrawal of Israeli forces and restore peace along the Lebanon-Israel border. UNIFIL continues to monitor the cessation of hostilities, support Lebanese armed forces, and maintain stability in the region.
MINUSMA in Mali: The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) was established in 2013 to help stabilize Mali following an armed rebellion. MINUSMA works to protect civilians, support peace processes, and promote human rights amid ongoing conflicts, contributing to security and governance in Mali.

Highlight the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. 2

Ans. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has two main types of jurisdiction:

Contentious Jurisdiction: The ICJ settles legal disputes between sovereign states that consent to its jurisdiction. These cases can involve issues such as territorial disputes, maritime boundaries, diplomatic relations, and treaty interpretations. The court’s rulings in contentious cases are binding, but the ICJ can only hear a case if both parties agree to participate.
Advisory Jurisdiction: The ICJ provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN bodies, such as the General Assembly or the Security Council. These opinions are non-binding but carry significant legal and moral weight, often guiding international law and influencing global policies on complex issues.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7B

Highlight any one challenge to the traditional concept of neutrality in bureaucracy. 2

Ans. One key challenge to the traditional concept of neutrality in bureaucracy is political influence and pressure. Bureaucrats are often expected to implement policies impartially, regardless of political leadership. However, increasing political interference can compromise this neutrality, as politicians may pressure bureaucrats to favor certain agendas or individuals. This can lead to biased decision-making, undermine public trust in governance, and erode the principles of fair and efficient administration. Maintaining neutrality becomes difficult when bureaucrats are influenced by or loyal to political figures rather than serving the public interest independently.

Analyze the principle of politics-administration dichotomy. 2

Ans. The politics-administration dichotomy is a principle that advocates a clear distinction between political decision-making and administrative execution within government. Proposed by Woodrow Wilson in the late 19th century, it emphasizes that politics and administration serve separate functions and should operate independently. Here’s an analysis of its key aspects:

Separation of Roles: The principle asserts that elected officials (politicians) are responsible for making policy decisions, while bureaucrats (administrators) are tasked with implementing those policies. This separation aims to ensure that administrators act impartially, free from political bias, focusing on efficient and fair execution rather than policy creation.
Ensuring Neutrality in Administration: By keeping politics separate from administration, the dichotomy promotes neutrality in the bureaucracy. It suggests that administrators should apply policies consistently without being swayed by political agendas, thus maintaining public trust and providing equal treatment to all citizens.

46. Highlight the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice. 2

Ans. A Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC) is an important body in India designed to cater to the recruitment needs of two or more states, fostering efficiency and cooperation. Here’s an overview of its importance and formation process:

Importance

Resource Optimization: By consolidating recruitment efforts across states, a JPSC streamlines processes and reduces redundancy, saving both time and costs.
Standardization and Fairness: A JPSC helps ensure consistent standards in recruitment, promoting fairness across states while fulfilling diverse regional needs.
Improved Expertise and Specialization: With pooled resources and shared responsibilities, JPSCs can build specialized recruitment processes that serve multiple states effectively.

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Agreement Between States: States interested in forming a JPSC must reach a mutual agreement, often motivated by shared administrative goals or resource constraints.
Presidential Approval: Once states agree, a formal proposal is submitted for approval by the President of India, who authorizes the establishment of the JPSC.
Notification and Setup: After presidential consent, a notification is issued outlining the JPSC’s jurisdiction, composition, and responsibilities. The commission is then set up and begins functioning according to the agreed terms.

In essence, the formation of a JPSC is a strategic move towards more unified, efficient recruitment, benefiting both the participating states and prospective civil servants.

Analyze the relevance of Gandhism in today’s world. 3

Ans. Gandhism, centered around Mahatma Gandhi’s principles of nonviolence, truth, and self-reliance, remains highly relevant in today’s world. Here’s an analysis of its continued significance:

Nonviolence and Peace: Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence (ahimsa) is especially pertinent in an era marked by conflict, terrorism, and civil unrest. Nonviolent resistance, as practiced by Gandhi, continues to inspire social and political movements worldwide, as seen in recent protests advocating for human rights, justice, and environmental protection. His approach offers a powerful alternative to violent conflict and promotes peaceful methods of change.
Truth and Transparency: Gandhi’s emphasis on truth (satya) and transparency aligns with modern demands for accountability and integrity in governance. In an age of misinformation and corruption, his ideals encourage honesty in public life, advocating for ethical leadership and responsible media practices to foster informed societies.
Sustainable Living and Environmentalism: Gandhi’s ideals of simple living and self-sufficiency resonate strongly with today’s environmental sustainability movement. His focus on minimal consumption, conservation of resources, and respect for nature anticipates modern ecological concerns, encouraging lifestyles that reduce waste and promote harmony with the environment.

Explain any three functions of the Election Commission of India. 1×3=3

Ans. The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body responsible for conducting free and fair elections in India. Here are three of its primary functions:

Conducting Elections: The ECI organizes and oversees elections for the President and Vice President of India, the Parliament, State Legislatures, and local bodies. This includes scheduling election dates, preparing electoral rolls, managing polling stations, and deploying election staff and security.
Monitoring Political Parties and Candidates: The ECI ensures compliance with the Model Code of Conduct, which governs the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections. It monitors campaign spending, regulates electioneering practices, and takes action against violations to maintain fair competition and ethical practices.
Voter Education and Awareness: The ECI runs voter awareness programs to encourage citizen participation, inform voters of their rights, and promote informed decision-making. Initiatives like SVEEP (Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation) aim to increase voter turnout and engagement across all demographics.

These functions are essential for upholding the democratic process, ensuring transparency, and fostering public confidence in the electoral system.

Explain any three essential features of political parties. 1×3=3

Ans. Three essential features of political parties are:

Ideology and Vision: Political parties are built around a specific ideology or set of beliefs, guiding their approach to governance, social issues, and economic policies. This ideology helps them attract like-minded supporters and provides voters with choices that reflect their values and aspirations for the nation.
Organized Structure: Political parties have an organized structure that includes leadership, membership, and a clear hierarchy. This structure enables effective coordination, decision-making, and mobilization during elections, allowing the party to implement its goals and policies efficiently.
Role in Elections and Governance: Political parties play a key role in contesting elections and, if successful, forming the government. They represent citizens in legislative bodies, propose policies, and shape laws. In opposition, parties also provide checks and balances, holding the ruling party accountable for its actions.

These features make political parties essential to the democratic process, offering structured representation and facilitating the functioning of government.

Analyze the reservation policy of India. 3

Ans. India’s reservation policy aims to address historical inequalities and social discrimination faced by certain communities by providing reserved seats in education, employment, and political representation. Here’s an analysis of its purpose, impact, and challenges:

Purpose and Rationale: The reservation policy was introduced to uplift marginalized communities, primarily Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and later Other Backward Classes (OBCs), by giving them access to education, jobs, and political representation. The policy is rooted in the principle of social justice, seeking to create a more equitable society by providing opportunities to groups historically excluded from social, economic, and political life.
Positive Impacts:
- Social Upliftment: Reservations have enabled greater representation of disadvantaged groups in educational institutions and public employment, helping to reduce social and economic disparities.
- Political Empowerment: By reserving seats in legislative bodies, the policy has empowered marginalized communities to participate in decision-making processes and advocate for their rights.
- Economic Mobility: Reservations have facilitated upward social mobility, providing access to stable employment opportunities and improving the economic status of families within reserved categories.
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Challenges and Criticisms:
- Perceived Inequality: Critics argue that reservations can lead to reverse discrimination, potentially limiting opportunities for non-reserved categories. Some advocate for merit-based criteria to avoid excluding qualified candidates.
- Caste-Based Divisions: The policy has reinforced caste identities, sometimes leading to tensions and reinforcing divisions rather than fostering inclusivity.
- Economic Disparities within Groups: There is criticism that reservations benefit only certain sections within reserved groups, while the poorest and most marginalized often do not receive the intended benefits. This has led to calls for income-based reservations or additional measures to ensure equitable distribution.
Current Debates and Evolving Policy: The introduction of the 10% reservation for economically weaker sections (EWS) in 2019 marks an evolution in the policy, acknowledging economic criteria alongside caste. However, debates around the need for reforms, reservation duration, and effectiveness continue, as policymakers seek to balance affirmative action with social cohesion and meritocracy.

Highlight the military conflicts between India and Pakistan since Independence. 3

Ans. Since gaining independence in 1947, India and Pakistan have experienced several military conflicts, primarily over territorial disputes and differing national interests. Here are the major conflicts:

First Indo-Pakistani War (1947-1948): Triggered by the invasion of Kashmir by tribal militias from Pakistan, this conflict led to the Maharaja of Kashmir acceding to India. The war resulted in a ceasefire brokered by the United Nations, leading to the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC) and the division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
Second Indo-Pakistani War (1965): The conflict arose over territorial disputes in Kashmir and escalated when Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar, attempting to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir. The war ended with a ceasefire and the Tashkent Agreement, mediated by the Soviet Union, restoring the status quo ante.
Bangladesh Liberation War (1971): While primarily a civil war, this conflict involved India’s intervention to support the Bangladeshi independence movement against Pakistan. The war culminated in a decisive Indian victory, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. It significantly altered the political landscape of South Asia.
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Kargil Conflict (1999): The Kargil War was initiated when Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated positions in the Kargil district of Kashmir. India launched military operations to reclaim the territory, leading to heavy casualties on both sides. The conflict ended with India regaining control and Pakistan withdrawing its forces under international pressure.
Ongoing Skirmishes and Ceasefire Violations: Beyond these major wars, India and Pakistan have experienced numerous skirmishes along the LoC, often resulting in casualties among both military personnel and civilians. Ceasefire violations, artillery exchanges, and cross-border raids continue to create tensions between the two nations.

These military conflicts highlight the ongoing struggle over Kashmir and broader regional tensions, contributing to a complex and often volatile relationship between India and Pakistan.

Analyze the relations between India and Sri Lanka. 3

Ans. India and Sri Lanka share a complex relationship shaped by historical, cultural, economic, and political ties. Here’s an analysis of their bilateral relations:

Historical and Cultural Ties

Cultural Links: India and Sri Lanka share deep-rooted cultural and religious connections, particularly through Hinduism and Buddhism. Sri Lanka has significant Hindu and Buddhist populations, with historical ties dating back to ancient times when Indian dynasties influenced Sri Lankan culture.
Ethnic Relations: The relationship is complicated by ethnic dynamics, especially concerning the Tamil population in Sri Lanka, which has historical ties to Tamil Nadu in India. The Sri Lankan civil war (1983-2009) involved the Tamil Tigers (LTTE), and India’s involvement during the conflict, including the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in the late 1980s, led to mixed perceptions in Sri Lanka.

Economic Cooperation

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Trade Relations: India is one of Sri Lanka’s largest trading partners, with bilateral trade covering various sectors, including textiles, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. India’s exports to Sri Lanka include machinery, electrical equipment, and food products, while Sri Lanka exports tea, rubber, and spices to India.
Investment: Indian investments in Sri Lanka are significant, covering areas such as infrastructure, telecommunications, and tourism. Notable projects include the construction of roads, railways, and housing in post-war rehabilitation efforts.

Political and Strategic Relations

Geopolitical Interests: India views Sri Lanka as a strategic partner in the Indian Ocean region, particularly in the context of China’s increasing influence in South Asia. Concerns over Chinese investments and infrastructure projects in Sri Lanka, such as the Hambantota Port, have prompted India to strengthen its engagement with Sri Lanka to ensure regional stability.
Cooperation on Security: Both countries collaborate on various security issues, including counter-terrorism, maritime security, and combating drug trafficking. India has provided assistance to Sri Lanka in strengthening its maritime capabilities and disaster response mechanisms.

Challenges in Relations

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Ethnic Tensions and Tamils: India’s historical support for the Tamil cause in Sri Lanka has sometimes strained relations. Concerns over the treatment of Tamils and the need for political reconciliation in Sri Lanka remain sensitive topics.
Chinese Influence: Growing Chinese investments and strategic presence in Sri Lanka have raised concerns in India. The balancing act of maintaining a strong relationship with Sri Lanka while addressing the challenges posed by China is crucial for India’s foreign policy.

Recent Developments

India and Sri Lanka have continued to enhance their partnership through high-level visits and agreements in various sectors, including economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and defense. The recent focus on strengthening ties reflects a mutual interest in fostering stability, security, and development in the region.

In summary, India-Sri Lanka relations are characterized by a mix of historical ties, economic cooperation, and strategic interests. While there are challenges, particularly regarding ethnic issues and regional geopolitics, both nations recognize the importance of maintaining a strong and cooperative partnership for their mutual benefit

OPTIONAL MODULE–7A

Explain any three types of non-military sanctions which can be imposed by the United Nations. 1×3=3

Ans. The United Nations (UN) can impose various non-military sanctions to address threats to international peace and security. Here are three common types:

Economic Sanctions: These include trade restrictions, asset freezes, and financial embargoes to limit a country’s economic power. By restricting access to international markets and resources, the UN aims to pressure the target nation into complying with international norms or ceasing hostile actions. For example, economic sanctions have been used to discourage nuclear proliferation.
Travel Bans: The UN may impose travel restrictions on individuals, typically targeting government officials, military leaders, or other influential figures linked to conflict, terrorism, or human rights abuses. Travel bans prevent these individuals from entering or moving through other countries, isolating them internationally and hindering their activities.
Diplomatic Sanctions: These involve limiting or suspending diplomatic ties, such as reducing embassy staff, expelling diplomats, or suspending a country’s participation in certain international organizations. Diplomatic sanctions aim to isolate the target state politically, reducing its influence and pressuring it to change its behavior.

These non-military sanctions serve as tools for the UN to promote compliance and resolve conflicts without resorting to armed intervention.

Explain the composition and the process of decision making of the UN General Assembly. 1½+1½=3

Ans. The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body of the United Nations, where all 193 member states have equal representation. Here’s an overview of its composition and decision-making process:

Composition

Universal Membership: The UNGA includes all member states of the United Nations, each with one vote. This structure emphasizes equal representation, allowing each country, regardless of size or power, to participate in global discussions and decisions.
Sessions: The General Assembly meets annually in a regular session starting in September. Special or emergency sessions may also be called to address urgent global issues.
Committees and Subsidiary Bodies: The UNGA has six main committees (such as those for disarmament, economic issues, and social and humanitarian matters) to handle various areas of international concern. Additionally, there are subsidiary bodies and working groups that focus on specific issues and support the UNGA’s broader goals.

Decision-Making Process

Voting: Each member state has one vote. Decisions on routine matters (such as procedural issues) require a simple majority, while important issues—such as those related to peace and security, budgetary matters, and admission of new members—require a two-thirds majority.
Resolutions: The UNGA adopts resolutions that represent the collective opinion of member states. While General Assembly resolutions are non-binding, they carry significant moral and political weight, often influencing international norms and practices.
Consensus: For some issues, the UNGA may seek consensus rather than a formal vote to reflect broad support and strengthen the resolution’s impact. Consensus-building allows for greater unity among member states on issues of global importance.

Explain any three objectives of the United Nations. 3

Ans. The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 with several key objectives aimed at promoting global stability and cooperation. Here are three of its primary objectives:

Maintaining International Peace and Security: The UN aims to prevent conflicts, mediate disputes, and promote peaceful resolutions through diplomacy. Its peacekeeping missions, mediation efforts, and sanctions are tools to address threats to international security, aiming to prevent large-scale wars and conflicts.
Promoting Human Rights and Social Justice: A core UN objective is to uphold human rights and protect individuals from discrimination, oppression, and injustice. Through various agencies and initiatives, the UN advocates for equality, freedom, and the rights of marginalized groups, working toward a more just and inclusive world.
Encouraging Sustainable Development: The UN seeks to foster economic and social progress, particularly in developing nations. Through programs focused on health, education, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability, the UN promotes the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to improve quality of life and ensure balanced growth worldwide.

These objectives guide the UN’s activities and efforts in fostering peace, ensuring human dignity, and encouraging development across nations.

OPTIONAL MODULE–7B

Explain the composition of the Union Public Service Commission. 3

Ans. The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is India’s central recruiting agency for civil services and other positions in the government. Its composition is specified in Article 315 of the Indian Constitution.

Composition of UPSC

Chairperson and Members: The UPSC consists of a Chairperson and typically 9 to 11 other members, though the exact number may vary. The President of India appoints both the Chairperson and the members.
Eligibility and Background of Members: Members of the UPSC are usually distinguished individuals with experience in public administration, civil services, or other relevant fields, often with at least ten years in government service. This expertise ensures that the commission has the knowledge necessary for selecting the best candidates for public roles.
Term of Service: Members of the UPSC serve a term of six years or until they reach the age of 65, whichever comes first. They can be removed by the President on grounds of misbehavior or incapacity, as per the recommendations of the Supreme Court.

Functions

The UPSC conducts examinations, interviews, and selections for civil service positions, ensuring that candidates are recruited based on merit and adherence to government regulations. Its independence is essential for maintaining transparency and fairness in the recruitment process.

Explain the significance of a constitutional status for the Union Public Service Commission. 3

Ans. Granting constitutional status to the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is significant for ensuring its independence, impartiality, and effectiveness in recruiting qualified personnel for India’s civil services. Here’s why this status is important:

Independence from Political Influence: As a constitutionally recognized body, the UPSC is protected from political interference. Its members are appointed by the President, and their removal requires specific procedures, providing them security of tenure. This independence ensures that recruitment is based on merit rather than political pressure or favoritism.
Transparency and Integrity: Constitutional status mandates adherence to clearly defined rules and procedures for recruitment, making the process transparent and fair. The UPSC operates under the Constitution’s guidance, safeguarding it from arbitrary changes and ensuring that selections are conducted with high standards of integrity.
Efficient Public Administration: By recruiting competent and ethical individuals, the UPSC supports a well-functioning civil service, which is critical for implementing policies and delivering public services. Its constitutional status underlines the importance of an unbiased recruitment body to strengthen India’s governance and administration.

In essence, the constitutional status of the UPSC is crucial for maintaining trust in India’s civil service recruitment, supporting good governance, and upholding the democratic principles of impartiality and merit.

Explain any three characteristics of an ideal type of bureaucracy. 3

Ans. An ideal type of bureaucracy, as described by sociologist Max Weber, possesses certain key characteristics that ensure efficiency, impartiality, and predictability in public administration. Here are three of these essential characteristics:

Hierarchy of Authority: Bureaucracy is structured in a hierarchical format, where each level of authority is ranked, and roles are clearly defined. This structure ensures a chain of command and facilitates accountability, as lower-level officials report to higher-ups, making decision-making systematic and organized.
Rule-Based Operation: Bureaucracies operate based on formal rules and procedures, ensuring that all actions are consistent, predictable, and impartial. By adhering to set regulations, bureaucracies minimize personal biases, making administrative processes fair and ensuring that similar cases are treated equally.
Specialization of Roles: In an ideal bureaucracy, tasks are divided and assigned to individuals based on expertise and specialization. This division of labor enables each member to perform specific functions efficiently, improving overall productivity and effectiveness in achieving organizational goals.

These characteristics help create a stable and professional administration that upholds impartiality, efficiency, and consistency in governance and public services.

Explain any five differences between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of

State Policy. 1×5=5

Ans. Here are five key differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution:

Nature:
- Fundamental Rights are justiciable, meaning they are legally enforceable by courts. If violated, individuals can seek judicial redress.
- Directive Principles are non-justiciable, meaning they are not enforceable by courts. They act as guidelines for the government to follow in policymaking.
Purpose:
- Fundamental Rights aim to protect individual freedoms and ensure equality, securing citizens’ basic rights against state actions.
- Directive Principles aim to promote social and economic welfare, guiding the state in establishing a just and equitable society.
Enforceability:
- Fundamental Rights are enforceable in a court of law. Citizens can approach the judiciary to defend these rights.
- Directive Principles are not enforceable by the judiciary; they depend on the government’s will and resources for implementation.
Scope:
- Fundamental Rights mainly cover individual rights like freedom of speech, equality before law, and protection from discrimination.
- Directive Principles cover broader social, economic, and cultural goals, like equal pay, public health, and rural development.
Position in the Constitution:
- Fundamental Rights are provided in Part III of the Constitution.
- Directive Principles are outlined in Part IV of the Constitution.

These differences illustrate that while Fundamental Rights are immediate and enforceable, Directive Principles provide long-term policy objectives for creating a welfare state.

Describe any five legislative powers of the President of India. 1×5=5

Ans. Here are five key legislative powers of the President of India:

Summoning and Proroguing Parliament: The President has the authority to summon sessions of both Houses of Parliament and to prorogue (end) these sessions. Additionally, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha (the lower house), ending its term and paving the way for general elections.
Addressing Parliament: At the beginning of each parliamentary session, the President addresses a joint session of both Houses, outlining the government’s policies and legislative agenda. This address serves as a framework for legislative discussions and priorities.
Assent to Bills: A bill passed by both Houses of Parliament requires the President’s assent to become law. The President can either approve, withhold assent, or return non-money bills for reconsideration. However, if the bill is passed again by Parliament, the President is obliged to give assent.
Ordinance-Making Power: When Parliament is not in session, the President can promulgate ordinances to address urgent matters. These ordinances have the same effect as laws but must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of reassembly, or they will lapse.
Laying Reports Before Parliament: The President places important reports, such as those from the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), the Finance Commission, and the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), before Parliament. This ensures parliamentary scrutiny of significant national matters.

These legislative powers allow the President to play a crucial role in India’s legislative process, acting as both an initiator and a final approver of laws, as well as a facilitator of parliamentary operations.

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Or

Describe any five functions of the urban local bodies. 1×5=5

Ans. Urban local bodies (ULBs) in India, such as municipal corporations, municipalities, and town councils, are responsible for managing and developing urban areas. Here are five key functions of urban local bodies:

Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development: ULBs are responsible for planning and implementing urban infrastructure, including roads, bridges, drainage systems, parks, and recreational facilities. They ensure that urban growth is sustainable and meets the needs of the population.
Water Supply and Sanitation: Providing clean drinking water, maintaining sewerage systems, and ensuring proper sanitation are core functions of ULBs. They play a crucial role in public health by managing waste disposal and promoting hygienic practices.
Public Health and Solid Waste Management: ULBs oversee health services, run municipal hospitals and clinics, and manage solid waste collection and disposal. They ensure that waste is properly handled to prevent pollution and health hazards.
Regulation of Building Construction: ULBs grant building permits, enforce zoning laws, and monitor construction activities to ensure they comply with local regulations. This helps in organized development and prevents illegal constructions.
Promotion of Education and Culture: Many ULBs manage primary schools, libraries, and cultural centers, contributing to education and cultural activities in urban areas. They organize community events and support cultural programs to enhance community life.

These functions make urban local bodies essential for maintaining quality of life in cities, providing necessary services, and promoting organized urban development.

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Nios Political Science 317 Solved Last Year Exam Question Paper

Political Science 317 Nios Previous Year Solved Question Paper Class 12

Political Science

(317)

(b) Q. Nos. 21 to 35—Objective type questions carrying 2 marks each (within 2 sub-parts of 1 mark each). Attempt these questions as per the instructions given for each of the questions.

PART – A

SECTION – A: READING

The roots of liberalism can be traced to the days of the

Which one of the following is not advocated by Gandhism? 1

Which one of the following is an essential element of State? 1

The Fundamental Rights have been enumerated in the Constitution from which Article to which Article? 1

Or

Which one of the following is not a Fundamental Right? 1

Which one of the following freedoms is not a freedom guaranteed by the Constitution of India? 1

Or

How many Fundamental Rights are granted by the Constitution of India at present? 1

Under which Constitutional Amendment, one-third of seats were reserved for women in the Panchayats? 1

Or

Through which Constitutional Amendment, ‘free and compulsory education’ for the children up to the age of 14 years has been made a Fundamental Right? 1

How many Subjects are included in the Union List as per the division of powers between the Centre and the States? 1

How many Subjects are included in the State List as per the division of powers between the Centre and the States? 1

What is the minimum age required for the office of the President of India? 1

Which among the following can remove the President of India from office? 1

Who is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces? 1

OR

Who appoints the Prime Minister of India? 1

What is the maximum permissible membership of the Rajya Sabha? 1

Who amongst the following has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha? 1

Which one of the following is not a Panchayati Raj Institution? 1

By which name is the political head of the Municipal Corporation known as? 1

Who allots a symbol to a political party? 1

What is the minimum age prescribed for an Indian citizen to be a voter? 1

Which one of the following is not a qualification required for a voter? 1

What is the minimum age prescribed for a candidate to contest the Lok Sabha Elections? 1

Which one of the following parties is not a regional party? 1

In which year did India conduct her first nuclear test? 1

Which one of the following statements is not true about India’s nuclear policy? 1

Who had propounded the Two-Nation theory before the Independence? 1

OPTIONAL MODULE–7A

On which date is the United Nations Day celebrated? 1

All members of the United Nations are also the members of the

How many countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council at present? 1

OPTIONAL MODULE–7B

Who appoints the Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission? 1

What is the maximum age fixed for the members of the UPSC to hold office? 1

Which one of the following statements is true about political executive? 1

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Which organ of the government enforces law?

(b) Name any two important elements of the State.

(c) Out of the State and society, which one originated first?

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Name any two philosophers of Marxism.

(b) Name the political thinker who advocated that ‘‘ends and means are the two sides of the same coin.’’

(c) Which Revolution gave the ideas of ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’?

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) The ‘Right to Education’ has been added under which Fundamental Right?

(b) Which Fundamental Right can preserve the language and culture of the minorities?

(c) Which Constitutional Amendment made the ‘Right to Education’ as a Fundamental Right?

Answer any two questions: 1×2=2

(a) Who appoints the Chairman and the members of the Election Commission of India?

(b) Who is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

(c) Who is responsible for the administration of the country?

Answer any two questions : 1×2=2

(a) Which level of government has the reservation of seats for women?

(b) Name the three tiers of Panchayati Raj System.

(c) Which Election Commission holds the elections of local bodies in a State?

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

(a) The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a term of _____years or till the age of _____ whichever is earlier.

(b) The Indian National Congress was formed in the year _____ and _____was its first President.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

Bharatiya Janata Party is a _____ party and Mizo National Front is a _____ party.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1×2=2

(a) _____ and _____ are the two main environmental problems.

Or

(b) India has a protected network of 75 _____ Parks and 421 _____Sanctuaries.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

_____ Commission recommended reservation of seats for _____ in government jobs.

Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 1×2=2

(a) _____ and _____ are the two major threats to good governance.

(a) The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed for a term of _years or till the age of _ whichever is earlier.

(b) The Indian National Congress was formed in the year _ and _was its first President.

Bharatiya Janata Party is a _ party and Mizo National Front is a _ party.

(a) _ and _ are the two main environmental problems.

(b) India has a protected network of 75 _ Parks and 421 _Sanctuaries.

_ Commission recommended reservation of seats for _ in government jobs.

(a) _ and _ are the two major threats to good governance.

(b) The essence of good governance is being _ friendly and power_ system.

Computers can increase the _ in the _ of government.

The first NAM Conference was held in _ in the year _.

_ is the boundary line between China and India which lies in the East of _.

_ and _ are the two permanent members of the UN Security Council.

The conditions of service of members of UPSC shall not be _ after their appointment that may lead to their _.